Case Study Ringgold Pool and Patio Essay Example For Students

Case Study Ringgold Pool and Patio Essay Table of Contents Topic Page Introduction3 John Jr. ’s Plan3 Tools4 Cost and Profits4 Conclusion5 Exhibit 1: Project Scope Statement7 Figure 2: Approach to Project8 Figure 3: Revised Work Breakdown Structure9 Figure 4: Required Tools Breakdown10 Figure 5: Return of Investment (ROI) Calculations10 Figure 6: Net Present Value (NPV) for Next 5 Years10 Figure 7: Project Life Cycle (Effort vs. Time)11 Figure 8: Gantt Chart for Pool Installation11 Introduction Ringold’s Pool and Patio Supply is a small business specializing in above and below ground pools for home use. It is owned and operated by John Ringold, Sr. He recently hired his son, John Jr. , as the executive vice-president of operations and has tasked him with investigation the profitability of installing above ground pools. Twenty percent of the company’s sales are above ground pools and Ringold’s does not currently install these pools. John Jr. must research the costs that would be incurred by the company to install these pools and investigate at what price the company would have to charge for installation to make it worth the company’s time. Exhibit 1 is the Project Scope Statement for this project. It details what the deliverables are to John Sr. upon completion of this project. In the exhibits and figures are a life cycle diagram for this project and a Gantt Chart for the installation of the pool. The life cycle of this project is the most common type in terms of effort. At the beginning, effort is low as data is being defined by the scope of the project. As the project progresses there is an increase in effort as research being done and data is actively collected. The final stage when effort tapers off is when the information is being organized into a coherent presentation. John Jr. ’s Plan John, Jr. has already conducted a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for the installation of a pool. Based off of this data, a pool would have to be constructed over a period of two days. The first day will include the preparation, laying the pool frame out, adding the plastic liner, and assembling the pool. The second day will be for building the wooden support and filling and testing the pool. This avoids exceeding the eight hour work day and adding of extra costs in overtime. However, these times are nominal and do not reflect the actual time that it would take to install the pool. John Jr. did not take into account basic human behavior. To correct his WBS and make it reflect the more likely timeline, I have added 12% to the times that John Jr. has estimated. This brings the total time to 13. 8 hours. This revised schedule is demonstrated in the WBS shown in Figure 3. In this WBS, the total times for each major step have been adjusted for the 12% increase. This was not done in the sub-steps because the times were much smaller, making the 12% increase a matter of minutes and seconds. When reconstructing this WBS, the amount of time needed to gather items for installation was not considered significant so it was left out of the timeline. Also, the post-installation cleanup and trash removal was not factored in. If this time is significant, it could add to the cost of labor. However, our analysis did not include it. Tools In John Jr. ’s plan, he did not take into account the costs that would be incurred to stand up a department or section of the company that will install the pools. The company will have to purchase tools and equipment for employees to use. .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .postImageUrl , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:hover , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:visited , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:active { border:0!important; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:active , .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42 .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u566fe000a1fe4ea5eba077ce27ed9b42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: More money is spent executing humans than keeping EssayThe basic tools required for the installation of a pool will be purchased once the decision is made to go into the installation business. To provide for flexibility and the ability to install multiple pools on the same day, four sets of tools and supplies will be maintained at Ringold’s. It is expected that two sets will be replaced every year, making the lifespan of one set of tools two years. This tool breakdown is listed in Figure 4. The initial payout will be $1,000 to purchase all of the supplies. After that, the company can expect to pay out approximately $500 each year to replace equipment. Given 3% for inflation and averaging it out over a five year period, this puts the Net Present Worth of cost of all of the equipment at $3,719. At an average of one pool installation per week, this amounts to $45. 20 for equipment per pool for that five year period. Costs and Profits Together with the revised cost of labor, the total cost of installing an above ground pool comes to $252. 34. In order to make this investment profitable, a Return of Investment (ROI) of 50% would be acceptable. In order to do this, the company would have to charge $378. 1(Figure 5). Companies that specialize in assembling pools generally charge around $350 for installation. If Ringold’s were to charge the standard $350, this would yield a ROI of 38. 7% (Figure 5). At the profit of $97. 66 per pool, over a period of 5 years at a rate of one pool per week this yields a NPW of $8,874. 75 (Figure 6). Conclusion To maintain prices at a competitive level, installing the pools would yield a small profit . As the price of the installation goes up, customers are going to be convinced to go elsewhere for business. Since it can be estimated that most people hire installers at the same place they buy the pools, this may affect sales of above ground pools at Ringold’s. My recommendation to John Sr. is based on a couple of variables. If the pools are competitively priced so that the he can charge the $378 for installation and still keep the overall cost low for the consumer, it may be profitable to do so. However, based on the analysis of the installation alone, it is not advisable to Ringold’s to invest in installation of above ground pools. Project Scope This project will determine the profitability of installing above ground pools by Ringold’s Pool and Patio Supply. We will research the costs that will be incurred by the company that will not be paid by the customer. Once the costs have been accurately determined, we will generate a couple of different scenarios where the Return of Investment will be 50% or greater, which we have determined to be an acceptable ROI. By the completion of this project we will deliver a recommendation to John Ringold, Sr. on what we confidently feel is the best course of action. The two options are to begin installing the pools or to continue to allow outside agencies to do this. Exhibit 1: Project Scope Figure 2: Approach to Project Work Tasks| Labor Hours| Estimated Total| 1. Prepare ground surface| | 3 hours| -Clear| 1 hour| | -Rake| 20 min| | -Level| 1 hour| | -Sand Botom| 20 min| | 2. Lay out pool frame| | 2. 8 hours| -Bottom ring| 1 hour| | -Side panels| 30 min| | -Top ring| 1 hour| | 3. Add plastic liner| | ~34 minutes| 4. Assemble pool| | 1. 86 hours| 5. Build wooden support| | 3. 36 hours| -Layout| 1 hour| | Assemble| 2 hours| | 6. Fill and Test| | 2. 24 hours| TOTAL| | 13. 8 hours| Figure 3. Revised Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) TOOLS| COST PER| TOTAL COST (4 sets)| Wheelbarrow| $110| $440| Rake| $26| $104| Shovel| $15| $60| Hammer| $30| $120| Screwdriver set| $20| $80| 3 Rolls of duct tape| $24| $96| Tape measure| $25| $100| TOTALS| $250| $1,000| Figure 4: Required Tools Breakdown ROI 50%=(Income – $252. 34)/$252. 34 Income= $378. 51 ROI=( $350 – $252. 34)/$252. 34 ROI=38. 8% Figure 5: Return of Investment (ROI) Calculations For $378. 1 NPV=126. 17(P/A, 3%, 260)=$11,465. 57 For $350 NPV=97. 66(P/A, 3%, 260)=$8,874. 75 Figure 6: Net Present Value (NPV) for Next 5 Years Figure 7: Project Life Cycle (Effort vs. Time) Task NameDur Start FinishPredecessor Prepare Ground Surface3hMon 6/7/10Mon 6/7/10 Lay Out Pool Frame2. 8hMon 6/7/10Mon 6/7/101 Add Plastic Liner0. 5hMon 6/7/10Mon 6/7/102 Assemble Pool1. 7hMon 6/7/10Mon 6/7/103 Build Wooden Support3. 36hTue 6/8/10Tue 6/8/104 Fill and Test2. 24hTue 6/8/10Tue 6/8/105 Figure 8: Gantt Chart for Pool Installation

Ptang, yang, kipperbang Essay Example

Ptang, yang, kipperbang Paper Ptang, yang, kipperbang is a play written for television which focuses around the life of a teenage boy, named Alan Duckworth. Set after the war, the play gives the viewer or reader a well documented insight into teenage life at this point in time. The main character, Alan is not only a keen cricket fan like most boys his age, but has developed an infatuation for an attractive girl in his school. Although at first glance Alan seems to be like any other teenager, beneath this image is a boy who is healthily in touch with his feminine side. This leads to a play which not only adopts a successful comedy routine between Alan and his friends, but in the end, turns Alan into the unlikely hero of the play. The writer of the play, Jack Rosenthal ensures Ptang, yang, kipperbang sets itself from the crowd. He achieves this by using a certain dramatic device, which can only be labelled as genius. Rosenthal employs John Arlott, a famous sports commentator to provide play-by-play of the test cricket match, England against Australia to coincide with the events in Alans life. Its this commentary along with Rosenthals thought and preparation into the characters, which makes Ptang, yang, kipperbang such a joy to read and even more so to watch. The stage directions can not be ignored when reading the play, but naturally they go without acknowledgement. When watching the play, however they obtain a high degree of importance throughout the production, from Alans jerk in pain when he receives his punishment from the headmaster to Anns kiss on the cheek towards the end of the play, they all serve a purpose, some more than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ptang, yang, kipperbang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Its these stage directions which highlight the fact that Ptang, yang, kipperbang is in fact a play written for television and not for the stage. For one, the majority of the stage directions required for the play to be acted out to full effect demands a physically larger area than a stage. For example, Alans daily chores for his father, which were in fact an excuse for Alan to indulge himself in Anns presence. The scenarios used in the play also demonstrate that the play was written for television. This is evident in that there are so many scenarios in the play, I dont know where to start. From the school grounds where Alan talks to the caretaker, Tommy about cricket and life in general, to Anns house where as soon as Alans love object is out of view, he U-turns to arrive home. Upon review of the play, my favourite scene was undecided. There were so many that stuck out in my mind as memorable, such as the cross country P. E lesson, a classic example of the chemistry between Alan and his friends along with their comical antics. Alan is shocked and insulted when he discovers prostitutes refuse to kiss; (stops dead) They wont kiss? His friends reply by crudely remarking that its a price theyre willing to pay to employ a prostitute. Another scene which I find to be one of my favourites is one of the many Tommy and Miss Land conversations, the particular one I have in mind however is that of when Tommy is enlightened by Miss Land that she had a relationship with an American during the war. Miss Lands addition of virtually to the end of every sentence, along with Tommys irony makes the scene an asset to the play; One! One American! Virtually.. Old men and Yanks! Bloody old two-faced fogeys and randy Yanks! While me and my oppos are spilling blood and guts all over Africa and France and the sodding Rhineland! Both Tommy and Miss Land are lying to themselves in this scene. Miss Lands self deceit is visually obvious as her virtually spree suggests. Later in the play, Tommys claims of fighting valiantly in the war turn out to be false, he mentions in spite of Miss Land that he was fighting for Queen and country whilst she meddled with old men and foreigners. These two scenes, however entertaining, come in at a close fourth and third in my opinion. One of the two scenes that I have decided are joint for first place is Alans scene with the Headmaster, the comments between thrashes and the Headmasters demeanour throughout is what makes this scene primarily so entertaining. Alans physical response to his punishment, him avoiding contact with a seat for some time after, also adds to the value of this scene. I think Jack Rosenthal achieves such a level of humour from a place with the opposite emotional atmosphere (being the dreaded Headmasters office) by using this feeling of dread to his advantage. Instead of portraying the Headmaster as a stern and cold man, he shows that not only has he the strictness to be a Headmaster, but the unique blend of a sense of humour as well. Its this combination that makes the scene such joy to read. The other scene that makes up my personal top spot double is yet another example of the rib-tickling chemistry between Alan and his friends which explained earlier, is just one of several wild-cards Rosenthal uses to make Ptang, yang, kipperbang what it is, a successful comedy play written for television. The scene in question is the brilliant pontoon game parody staged in the boys lavatory. Alans half participation in the game, explaining the days earlier events, whilst his friends play with a trance-like attitude is entertaining on its own. As the scene goes on, Alan grows more impatient with his unimpressed companions. The game continues and his friends, still oblivious to Alans dilemmas and more to the game at hand, and in an ironic twist reveal they have lost patience with him. Sod off Quack-Quack. Youre getting on my nerves! (Turns his cards over) Pontoon. Match null and void. Ungentlemanly play from Quack-Quack. I had bloody pontoon! As Quack-Quack or Alan detaches from his friends, there are no signs of Alan even being present. Pontoon seems to be the popular topic of choice. In my opinion, Ptang, yang, kipperbang offers much more than meets the eye. One of the things I picked up from the play was its employment of comedy to put across certain points, for example, the daily after school pressing sessions. This demonstrates adolescent behaviour in a humorous and nai ve manner. This is a frequent occurrence throughout the play, which proves to be a success. The point made at the end by two workmen on Alans street, which primarily left me in a state of confusion as well as no doubt many others came in the form of the following; Hell be starting shaving next. Then spend the rest of his life trying to stop the bleeding. Although vague, I interpret the comments to be a forecast for later on in Alans life where as the workmen believe, despite his current desire to grow up will lead Alan to long for his days as a schoolboy again. This may be Jack Rosenthals way of presenting the stereotypical old mans clichi. The time you spend in school are the best days of your life.

Wind Energy and Power Optimization The WritePass Journal

Wind Energy and Power Optimization Introduction Wind Energy and Power Optimization Introduction1. Overview1.1. Wind energy1.2.  Challenges1.3 Aims and Objectives  2.  Ã‚  LITERATURE REVIEW2.1.  Introduction2.2.  Ã‚  Past Achievements2.3.  Ã‚  Current work2.4.  Ã‚  Future Prospects3.1.  Description3.2.  PSS/E3.3.  Ã‚  Spectrum Power CC3.4.  Ã‚  Comparison  4.  PLANNING4.1.  Overview:4.2.  Project Risks:4.3.  Gantt Chart  CONCLUSIONREFERENCES:APPENDIX:Related Introduction 1. Overview 1.1. Wind energy The wind energy is one of the sources of renewable energy which has many advantages over the non-conventional sources of energy. There are many topological and economical factors associated with the construction of the wind farm which decide upon the construction design of the wind turbine and the placement of the wind turbines in the farm.The main construction of the wind farm consists of the mechanical, civil costs and electrical costs. In construction of the wind turbines there are different types and designs of turbines used depending on the location, topography and the power output. The wind turbine generators convert kinetic energy of the wind into the electrical energy. Different types of generators are used in the conversion according to the application and the requirements. 1.2.  Challenges A single wind turbine is connected into the array of many wind turbines to form a wind farm which is utilized to generate electrical energy.   The main consideration with the wind farm is the cost of installation and the power quality. Due to the non availability of the constant wind at all times the energy was highly unreliable, but due the new power electronic converter devices and manufacturing of the doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) the engineers have been able to overcome the problem. The power quality is the primary concern when the energy generated from the wind farm is connected to the main grid .The voltage unbalance at Bus-Bar, voltage fluctuations and reliability are the issues of prime concern in the power quality. The main problems related to the power quality in the wind farm are: 1) Steady State voltage impact: It is the most common problem which is mostly related to the source and load of electric power. Due voltage drop in the line because of the presence of impedance there are voltage drops, which must be kept under the limits to avoid failure. 2) Dynamic voltage variations: The cause for the dynamic voltage variations is the same steady state voltage variations but they are studied for a shorter time intervals of seconds or fraction of second. These can be reduced by introducing variable wind speed system or by controlling the reactive power. 3) Harmonic Distortion: In the electric System due to non-linear loads and the power electronic devices there are distortions in the pure sine wave. 4)   Voltage Transients: When an induction machine or a capacitor bank is connected in the system, the high currents are observed which might cause disturbance in the grid. The need of the optimization in the wind farms is a need, to make the technology more efficient and more reliable. There are many tools used for the simulation of the wind farm but the tools used for the wind park grid connection optimization are the PSS/E and Spectrum Power CC which contains a module for the power system optimization. 1.3 Aims and Objectives â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† In the wind farm design a typical on/offshore substation which consists of the switchable reactive components and transformer tap changers should be modeled within a power system simulation package and replicated in the Siemens SCADA (Supervisory control and Data Acquisition) system using the software Spectrum Power CC. The SCADA contains a module for power system optimization which has not been explored by the Siemens, the software has to be verified for the optimization of the wind farm and then the modeling is to be done which is achieved by proper learning of the software and implementation of the same in the real time SCADA software. The results obtained from the network optimization algorithm model Vs SCADA system are to be verified and analyzed and based on the analysis the improvements or alternatives are proposed for further enhancement. In the past due to the limited work on the software, exploring of the tools and techniques in the software is another key motive in the process which will not only solve the optimization problem but will be beneficiary for future developments. However there are optimization tools developed using the Generic Algorithm for improving the reliability of the system.   2.  Ã‚  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.  Introduction The wind energy is now one of the major sources of energy. Different designs of the turbines have been introduced to improve the reliability of the system. The main parameters which are taken into consideration in designing of the wind farms is the energy output, cost efficiency, the impact on the environment and the impact on the electric grid which mainly includes the integration into the existing electrical system and the power quality issues. These factors must be fulfilled before connecting into the main network to keep the existing system operational. In the process of designing the actual system of the wind farms the modeling of the proposed design which is an important factor in the basic structure of the turbine, type of blades, turbine used etc. The analysis of both the mechanical and electrical properties of the structure of the wind turbine is done using different modeling tools like PSCAD, PSS/E, Dig Silent etc.[7][8] 2.2.  Ã‚  Past Achievements Power quality in the wind turbines is the important area of concern and assurance of the protection from all the disturbances has to be made to ensure the protection of the grid. The main power quality standards are static voltage level, voltage fluctuations, voltage transients, voltage harmonic distortion, voltage unbalance and voltage supply interruptions. In the past the fixed speed electric turbines were used but now due to their drawbacks main being the inefficient control of the reactive power and power quality problems the variable speed turbines have been developed. A variable speed turbine keeps the generator torque constant and the speed changes which results in constant power in the system which is the essential requirement. There are many power electronic devices which are used in combination with the induction machine and the synchronous machine. The structures developed in the modeling of the wind turbines are used in the analysis between the electrical and the mechanical structure of the wind-farm and also help in the dynamics interaction of the wind farm and electrical grid which enables the design engineers and owners to make an adequate study before the installation of the wind- farm. [1][2] Various models have been developed earlier for specific studies in the wind turbine functioning using the Dig Silent and PSS/E software. Various calculations are performed by the utility engineers like the load flow analysis and the transient analysis of the models developed. The main objective of the load flow calculations is to identify the flows in the transmission lines, transformers and the voltage at different buses or nodes which is an integral planning of the planning and the design of the wind farm. The calculations are done under different scenarios to satisfy the conditions. The transient stability studies are done to calculate the transient response of the system under the disturbances. The synchronism, the damping of the oscillations of the machines are examined which play a vital role in the planning and interconnection of the wind farm. [4][9] 2.3.  Ã‚  Current work Many studies have been conducted on the stability of the wind-farms, but referring to the paper by David T.Johnsen on â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† which explains the optimisation and also the dynamic stability of the wind-farm by developing a procedure for an optimal fault ride through strategy for the wind farms. The dynamic simulations are developed and modeled in PSSE which illustrates the possibility of increasing the capacity of the wind farm by optimal fault ride through settings. â€Å"The operational characteristics of the wind farm are optimised by adjusting the parameter settings of a model of a simplified PQ-generator while simulating in PSSE†. From the article it is observed that the â€Å"wind-farm consists of radial connection, consisting of two parallel and identical 132 Kv branches which are connected to a high level wind penetration†. Apart from the two wind farms an† additional wind farm (WF2)† is connected which is represented in the network by the â€Å"generic PSS/E model of a full converter turbine or a simple P-Q generator which represents as ideal power source.† The settings of the P-Q generator can be modified in the simulation by adjusting the active and reactive power in the system. To increase the stability and the loss of synchronism the â€Å"active power injection must be reduced to a low active power level as soon as the voltage dip is detected and a high value of reactive power during the fault incre ases the transferable limit of the active power during and after the fault. â€Å" In the conclusion of the paper it is seen that the comparisons between the response of the â€Å"P-Q generator and generic FCWT model† illustrates that it possible for the â€Å"P-Q generator to successfully ride through the fault while the generic FCWT trips.† â€Å"The main concerns regarding the dynamic power response in the process of optimisation are as follows: 1. The active power must be severely constrained during the fault sequence. 2. The maximum reactive power production has to be high and fast responding.† Hence it is concluded from the paper that the fault ride through strategy can improve the capacity and the electric grid quality in the wind-farm. [3] In an optimization model developed by the Strategic Energy Institute (Georgia Institute of technology) there are some input parameters like wind speed, Weibull parameter, investment, efficiency of generator and gearbox, speed etc and output parameters as optimal rotor diameter, optimal generator capacity, optimal RPM, torque and power produced. These parameters are drawn into a flowchart which consists of a wind turbine design optimization model. [10] 2.4.  Ã‚  Future Prospects The IEEE research paper on â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm â€Å"at the Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (2009) represents a way of power system optimisation by Generic Algorithm .An analysis on an off-shore wind farm is made in which the optimisation of the electrical connection is converted into the factors of the â€Å"voltage level inside the farm, the voltage levels of substation, number of substations, location of substations, connection topology of substation and turbines†. Due to their non-linearity the optimization is done by Generic Algorithm and the analysis is done in the paper. [6] A research paper presented in the Nordic workshop on Power and industrial electronics (2004) on Optimization of electrical system for a large DC offshore wind farm by Generic Algorithm† proposes an optimization based on Generic Algorithm where the input parameters are used as technical data and are optimised for minimum cost and maximum reliability. Based on the theory of natural evolution a Generic is developed which consists of â€Å"population of bit strings transformed into three genetic operators’ selection, crossover and mutation.† An optimization model is developed which computes cost and the reliability. The model consists of the input data, some rules, cost calculation, reliability evaluation and an optimum configuration with the help of generic algorithm. In the genetic optimization the â€Å"encoding and decoding of the chromosomes† is done which leads to computation of the cost and reliability, finally the mutation operator is used to improve th e execution of the Generic Algorithm. [14] In another IEEE paper by Kusiak.A et al (2010) â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† a multi objective optimisation function is made which represents the wind power output, the vibrations in the train and the vibration in the tower to determine the wind turbine functioning. The concept of neural networks, an ES algorithm â€Å"the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA)† is used solving the model. The results obtained state that the vibration mitigation and power maximization can be done by adjusting the generator torque and blade pitch angle. [5] In the â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† paper by Ã…  imić.Z and MikuliÄ ić.V (IEEE) there is another small hybrid off-grid system in which there is discussion on the impact of the power curve on the cost of the energy and amount of energy produced. The â€Å"HOMER micro power optimizing tool â€Å"was used for the optimisation, wind speed data was varied and the results were analyzed. 3.  Ã‚  METHODODLOGY 3.1.  Description In the project as the simulations of the wind farm are to be carried out in the software package, the studying of the wind model layout is the prime important step which includes the components and specifications. The layout of the wind farm design mainly consists of an array of wind turbines, the electrical connections, on/off shore substation, transformer, On -Load Tap changers, Phase -to -Phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitor banks to improve the voltage quality of the system. 3.2.  PSS/E The optimal power flow software PSS/E is used in the analysis in which all the components are modeled and all the results are recorded. A brief description of the software is as follows: PSS/E (Power System Simulation for Engineering): â€Å"Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSS/E) is the major tool used in the course of the project which consists of a set of programs for studies of power system transmission and generation behavior in both steady state and dynamic situations. It can be used as a tool to analyze the power flow and the related network functions, the optimal power flow, balanced and unbalanced faults, network equivalent construction, as well as dynamic simulation. The main software used is the Power System Simulator for engineering optimal power flow from Siemens which improves the overall efficiency and output of the system in addition to the normal power flow. The software is mainly used for the today’s challenges of the regulated power supply which are as follows: Reactive power scheduling Voltage collapse analysis Transfer capability investigation Location based marginal cost assessment Ancillary service opportunity cost assessment Impact assessment Base case development Congestion analysis† *The Above content is taken from the user manual of the Software PSS/E. [11] As the software has been used earlier in the analysis of the power system so learning and implementing the software would not be a very difficult task and the analysis can be carried out using the manuals and other research material provided on the internet. 3.3.  Ã‚  Spectrum Power CC In the second and the important part of the project the same wind farm simulation model is modeled in the Siemens Spectrum Power CC software using the SCADA, the Distribution Network Analysis (DNA) which consists of Distribution system power flow (DSPF), Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE), Short Term Load Scheduler (STLS), Fault Management and Volt-Var Control(VCC). The brief description of the software from the Siemens software reference manual of the Power Spectrum CC is as follows: â€Å"Distribution Network Analyses (DNA) supports the following features: Effective and efficient control of distribution networks   Increased supply quality and reliability Optimal use of network equipment Minimization of network losses Detection and elimination of overloads in time Efficient fault management The elements which are to be used in the software for the analysis of the system along their main functions which are an integral part of the Spectrum Power CC Distribution Network Analysis are: 1) Distribution System Power Flow(DSPF): â€Å"DSPF is mainly used to calculate the network status in the system configuration. The power flow solution calculates the voltages at all the bus-bars, the power and the reactive power at all the buses. The flows in the network are the most important parameters in the simulation. The limits of the system are analyzed and suitable optimization technique is used.† 2) Distribution State Estimator(DSSE): â€Å"DSSE is mainly used for the real-time monitoring, control and optimization of the model. It estimates the active and reactive power values and corrects the data by using the techniques of mismatching of information. â€Å" DSSE integrates the optimization process with the optimal power flow to calculate the flows which are then used to monitor the real time operation of the network. 3) Short Term Load Scheduler(STLS): â€Å"STLS tracks the active and reactive power management of the power system loads and maintains the consumption for the loads in the network into a database.   â€Å" 4) Fault Management: â€Å"The main application of the Fault management is location of the fault, the fault isolation and service restoration. The fault management consists of: Fault location Locating the faulty section or area of the network as closely as possible Fault isolation Isolating the faulty section or area of the network Service restoration Restoring power to de-energized non-faulty areas of the network 5)   Volt-Var Control(VVC): â€Å"Volt-Var Control (VCC) deals with the operations on the transformer with on-load tap changers, phase-to phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitors to improve the network operations. The main task is to improve the overall reliability and quality of the network. VCC works on two operating modes: Open loop: The settings after running the flow are not automatically executed; they are reviewed by the user. Closed Loop: The settings after running the flow are automatically executed after VCC calculation.† The main objectives which are to be fulfilled after the optimization of the system mainly consists of: 1) Minimize limit violations. 2)   Minimize power losses and limit violations. 3) Minimize active power consumption and limit violations. 4) Minimize reactive power consumption and limit violations. 5) Maximize power revenue and minimize limit violations. *(The description of the software has been taken from the reference manuals provided by Siemens .It has been edited and modified according to the data required, but still Quoted to be on safer side.)[12] The above tools in the software are studied and then analyzed as the software is used for the optimal power flow for the first time, so understanding the software is a difficult task which may consume a lot of time and may require a lot of help from the external sources. If the results are required results not obtained on the software then if will become more challenging, and have to take the help of the specific team involved in creation of the power system optimisation tool in the software, which may include taking help from Siemens, Germany. Replicating the power system model on the software won’t be a challenging task, if all the main functions are studied and learned in detail. The results may be then obtained if the simulation is successfully modeled in the software. 3.4.  Ã‚  Comparison In the last step results of both the simulations will be compared and the analysis of the results obtained is done separately for both the softwares. The drawbacks of the Distribution Network Analysis software will be studied based on the results obtained from the comparison of the data obtained after running the simulations. A suitable alternative is then proposed, supporting the simulation and improvements in the design are implemented to obtain the desired results. The proper explanations of the improvements supporting the outcomes are made as the improvements proposed in the software are then implemented by the engineers without the power system background.   4.  PLANNING 4.1.  Overview: The project work has been planned and divided into a timeline which has been shown in the Gantt chart as attached in the report. The project plan is made keeping in mind some delays due to the unavoidable circumstances and will be effective from the initiation till the completion of the project. 4.2.  Project Risks: In the Project as the modeling tools have to be used in the simulation of the wind  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   farm so the availability of the software is a major concern. The power system optimization software PSS/E is available which won’t be a concern. As the software is complex and difficult to understand so it may take a longer time to understand the working. The help of the PhD students will be taken and the simulation will be made as simple as possible to remove the complexity from the model as it has to be modeled in a short duration. If necessary the use of simple optimization tools would be done like Dig SILENT, Power world Simulator etc. In the another modeling software Spectrum Power CC provided by Siemens, the power optimization module in the software on which the simulation is mainly based is new, which may consume a lot of time learning the software, therefore suitable training will be taken by the experts so that, I can easily adapt the software and proceed with the work. The difficulties faced will be rectified by the Siemens Technical Team and PhD students at The University Of Manchester which will lead to the success of the project. 4.3.  Gantt Chart   Risk Assessment Form Dissertation Project: â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† Risk Description Effect on the project Action Required Non Availability of PC The postponement of the project Immediate availability of another PC Non Availability of Software Difficulty in modeling. Immediate availability or some alternative modeling tool. Data Crash A data backup is created. A backup has to be created. Power system optimization software use Due to the non-familiarity longer time to learn the software. Modeling will be kept simple and the help of PhD students would be taken for modeling. SCADA software interface Due the first time use of optimization module there may be delays. Help of specialized team is expected.    CONCLUSION In the feasibility study above the methodology of the dissertation project is explained. The literature review highlights all the work done and the future prospects of the work that can be done in the research are. The project planning consists of the Gantt chart which is a layout of the working of the project which includes all the risks and different challenges during the project. REFERENCES: 1)    Eriksson.K .et al.(n.d.), â€Å" System Approach On Designing An Offshore Wind Power Grid Connection† http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/34ec041beda66334c1256fda004c8cc0/$file/03mc0132%20rev.%2000.pdf 2)    Hanson.J and Hunger.T (n.d.) â€Å"Network Studies for Offshore Wind Farm Grid Connections Technical Need and Commercial Optimization â€Å"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004ewec.info/files/23_1400_juttahanson_01.pdf 3)   Johnsen.D .et al. (n.d.) â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† frontwind.com/Paper%20Master%20Thesis.pdf 4)   Kazachkov.Y and Stapleton.S (2004), â€Å"Modeling Wind Farms for Power System Stability Studies† https://www.ptius.com/pti/company/eNewsletter/2004April/Modeling%20Wind%20Farms%20for%20Power%20System%20Stability%20Studies.pdf 5)    Kusiak.A .et al. (2010)   â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 1, NO. 2, JULY 2010 icaen.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak/Journal-papers/IEEE_2010_2.pdf 6)   Lingling.H, Yang.F and Xiaoming.G(2009) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm†Ã‚  Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009. SUPERGEN 09  Ã‚   10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348118 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5348118 7)   Petru.T (2001), â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/Lic/PetruTomasLic.pdf 8)   Petru.T and Thiringer.T (2002)   â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 17, NO.4   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1137604 9)   Sayedi.M (2009),†Evaluation of the DFIG Wind Turbine Built-in Model in PSSE†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/MSc/SeyediMohammadMSc.pdf 10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schmidt.M â€Å"Wind Turbine design Optimization† Strategic Energy Institute(Georgia Institute of Technology) . clemson.edu/scies/wind/Poster-Schmidt.pdf 11)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Siemens   Energy manual Guide for PSS/E â€Å"(Available on internet) energy.siemens.com/us/en/services/power-transmission-distribution/power-technologies-international/software-solutions/pss-e.htm 12)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Spectrum Power CC Manual†, Siemens Germany 13)   Ã…  imić.Z and MikuliÄ ić.V (n.d.) â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† an IEEE paper. http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/309501.Small_Wind_OffGrid_ZS_final.pdf 14)   Zhao.M, Chen.Z and Blaabjerg.F (2004) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical System for a Large DC Offshore Wind Farm by Genetic Algorithm â€Å" NORDIC WORKSHOP ON POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2004 – 037 APPENDIX: General Risk Assessment Form Date: (1) 11/5/2011 Assessed by: (2) Rajat Aggarwal Checked / Validated* by: (3)Martin Lorimer Location:   (4) Siemens, Manchester Assessment ref no (5) Review date: (6) Task / premises: (7) Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization :Modeling of Power system Activity (8) Hazard (9) Who might be harmed and how (10) Existing measures to control risk (11) Risk rating (12) Result (13) Continuous use of computer Eyes pain , back pain , Headache Myself , May lead to fatigue Proper Precautions while using computer Low T Computer crash Data crash Delay in project Data backup Medium A Fire Damage to the company Company working may be harmed Fire Safety Equipments Medium A

Religions of the World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Religions of the World - Research Paper Example Just as each person is unique, so are the religions that they rely on to define who and what they are. As Stephen Prothero says about religions, â€Å"the worlds religious rivals are clearly related, but they are more like second cousins than identical twins. They do not teach the same doctrines. They do not perform the same rituals and they do not share the same goals.† Three of the world’s major religions, Mormonism, Christianity, and Buddhism, reveal the truth of this statement, and how even though religions may differ greatly from one another, they exist to provide insight into the world and the human condition. By investigating the unique goals of each religion, as well as their gods, doctrines and beliefs, and their perceptions of afterlife, the notion that religions are related while still standing out on their own can be brought to light. The Goals of Religion Differences abound in all of the religions of the world, setting them greatly apart from one another. T he first and most notable difference that can be picked from each religion is its goal, or the primary purpose that the religion prevails. The goal of Mormonism, for example, is for its followers to enter a state of holiness, which is also known as exaltation. Mormons strive to conduct their lives in ways that reflect the characteristics of God. When they succeed, upon their death they will enter heaven, gaining eternal life and an eternal family. The members of Mormonism who achieve eternal life are likened to lesser gods, a belief formed by the concept that God himself was once a flesh-and-bone human and became holy upon death (Smith, 2009). However, His followers that reach this state of holiness are placed beneath God the Father who presides over Mormonism. The goal of Christianity shares part of Mormonism’s goal, which is for its followers to become more like God by taking on His attributes. The difference between the goals of these two religions, though, is that followe rs of the Christian faith strive to become Godlike so that they can bridge the wide chasm that separates them from God as a result of the sinful nature of humankind (â€Å"The basics of Christian beliefs†). Humans are born naturally apart from God due to their inherent sin. The God of Christianity wants nothing more than to have a relationship with His people, but this relationship cannot be attained as long as humans continue to live in sin. As such, the major goal of Christianity is to have the sins of its followers forgiven so that they may become more Christlike, and thus establish a relationship with their creator. The primary goal of the spiritual path of Buddhism is for its practitioners to reach enlightenment, which is more commonly referred to as nirvana by those who actively practice Buddhism. This is the Buddhist concept of total freedom, to be liberated from the cycle of life and death and to attain an eternal body. To achieve enlightenment, members of the Buddhis t faith accept the Four Noble Truths, which outline that suffering is caused by desire, and follow the Noble Eightfold Path, which direct them in how to live a life that can bring an end to suffering. Suffering is brought to a complete end when enlightenment is achieved, and the person can experience the pure freedom, happiness, and clarity of nirvana (Hanh, 1999). Each religion strives to not so much make life easier for its practitioners, but to give their followers what they need to survive the hardships of life while maintaing a peace of mind and giving them something to strive for. In the process, the goals of these religions help their followers become better people. When these individuals are successful in reaching the goal of their respective

Autism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Autism - Assignment Example for changing the term and using the umbrella in diagnosing autism in children is because it has been observed that different clinicians can diagnose same individual with different disorder and some may even change the diagnosis of the same symptom differently from one year to the other. In addition, the condition autism is, usually, defined by a common set of behaviors that are evident in the person and hence should be characterised by one term that should only vary according to the severity of the condition (Tanguay. p. 1142). Because DSM-v criteria combines all the sub diagnoses that were used previously under one condition, Autism spectrum disorder, inconsistencies may be noted to exist between DSM-v diagnoses and databases used for billing. Specific sub diagnoses including Asperger’s contain ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM specific codes. The major change is in the removal of the formal Asperger’s disorder and PDD-NOS diagnoses removal. When re-evaluated, individuals who initially were with these conditions are likely to receive different diagnoses when they visit hospitals for re-evaluation. This may be confusing for the parents who currently know the diagnoses of their children as well as adults and children who strongly identify with their conditions. The new criteria of DSM-v used for Autism is more thorough and appears strict compared to the initial criteria used for diagnoses. In this new criterion, it requires more symptoms to meet the criteria used within the fixated area of interest and the behaviour that are repeated. Other changes noted in the new criteria for diagnoses include reorganization. Currently, communication impairment, social interaction deficits, restricted interests and repetition of behaviors are main domains used in diagnosing autism. In the new criteria, there is a combination of social interactions and communication deficit to a single title of social/communication deficits. In addition to this, it is no longer necessary to have

The ambitions of Henry VIII in the years to 1526 Essay Example for Free

The ambitions of Henry VIII in the years to 1526 Essay How successful was Wolsey’s foreign policy in satisfying the ambitions of Henry VIII in the years to 1526? (24 marks) The foreign policy of the 12 years following 1514 was Wolsey’s accounts have been written almost as if, during these years, Henry VIII only existed as a stamp and the decisions were made by Wolsey. It is apparent that Wolsey made most decisions on a day-to-day basis and occasionally took major initiatives without the King’s acknowledgement. Henry intervened decisively at times to redirect events at his pleasure. Wolsey has to look like he was implementing the King’s policies even if he was pursuing his own ideas. Henry played a more significant role in the formation and conduct of Wolsey’s foreign policy than has traditionally been suggested. It was argued that the aim was perused in order to preserve some influence for England in foreign affairs, by ensuring that no one attained such dominance that he could arrange matters without taking into account the interests of other states, such as England. The claim was that Wolsey followed this policy by threatening to give his support to whichever side seemed likely to be worsted by the other. It was maintained that this policy was generally successful in ensuring that England’s international status remained high. This is the orthodox interpretation, where the main idea is that Wolsey wanted to maintain the balance of power. However, J.J. Scarisbrick had serious doubt on the geniuses of Wolsey’s ambition to become Pope. He argued that Wolsey’s support of papal diplomatic initiatives was largely coincidental and happened because England and the Papacy shared common interests from time to time. Scarisbrick established a new ’revisionist’ interpretation based on the existence of a main aim and a preferred method. The aim was the established and maintenance of peace. The method was a variant of the old ’balance of power’ interpretation. He established this by claiming that Wolsey sought to achieve an ’unbalance of power’ that he tried always to join the stronger side, so that it would create a sufficient imbalance for the other side to realise that fighting was pointless. He claimed that this policy has not been more apparent to observers because Wolsey was not very good at implementing it and frequently made mistakes, which he attempted to justify by p retending that his aims and methods were other than they had been. Henry had a very aggressive policy on France, until he eventually decided on trying to become the peacemaker of Europe. Henry wanted to regain the lost territory in northern France so he could be seen as a Great War lord with visions of honour and glory, but also to challenge Henry V’s title of the last great English warrior. The first sign of this aim being put into place is the first French war from 1512-1514. However the first expedition on June 1512 was a disastrous failure as Ferdinand of Aragon and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian didn’t hold up to their end of the deal for an allied invasion. This shows Henrys naivety in foreign policy and the other European powers were using him to benefit themselves whilst sending him to his downfall. Wolsey gained his first experience of the duties and pitfalls involved in organising financing, transporting and feeding an army. Wolsey was blamed by many for the shambles that developed after the army landed in France despite the fact that he was a junior member of the Royal Council. However, Henry did not blame Wolsey and the manner in which Wolsey had conducted himself in correspondence with Ferdinand of Aragon impressed Henry. Despite this Henry personally lead an army of 25,000 across the channel and took Thà ©rouanne and Tournai in northern France and winning memorable battles such as the battle of the spurs. Wolsey was the Quarter-Master generally rather than the war minister. When a French force was defeated near Thà ©rouanne, Wolsey’s reputation as a master organiser was enhanced. The King’s growing trust in Wolsey enabled English diplomacy to shape, the guiding principle of which was to ensure that England, the least important of the three great western monarchies, was not left isolated against a Valois-Hapsburg alliance. Wolsey was the one who very effectively organised the second attempt on besieging France and made the peace agreements between the two nations in 1514, so it could be argued that the foreign policy towards the French at the time was policy’s that of Wolsey not Henry. Also in later years in the second French war 1522-25 Henry was yet again let down by his allies Charles V and Duke of Bourbon, which shows he didn’t learnt from previous experiences and is not very knowledgeable in foreign policy. Henry’s policy in France benefited him slightly by collecting a pension from the French, but is failure as it shows he can be manipulated by other powers and lost huge amounts of money on war. On a financial level the wars with France did have some bonuses one being the pensions they would receive due to the peace treaties. During Henry’s reign he managed to accumulate  £730,379 in funds from the French; however this was in no comparison to the amount spent on the wars which was  £3,545,765, so the pension was more of a consolation. D. MacCulloch quotes â€Å"Henrys demand for his pension was much more constant† which means he made sure he collected his money which shows he’s a strong king. Wolsey was unable to prevent the Emperor’s friends from persuading Henry VIII that England must take some military action against France. Francis chose to ignore the warnings he’d been given. An English army was sent to France at short notice in August 1523. In the sixteenth century, military action proved to be much less decisive than its authors had expected. Wolsey’s and Henry’s passing enthusiasm for armed intervention evaporated, and Wolsey was allowed to implement his original strategy of stalling Charles’ demands for action while he was attempted to negotiate a general peace with the French. But on February 1525, Charles secured the decisive victory that Wolsey had estimated to be so unlikely. In a battle that took place outside the walls of Pavia, in northern Italy, the unthinkable happened. Not only was the French army totally destroyed as an effective fighting force, but Francis I and most of his leading supporters were captured. This placed Charles in an overwhelmingly dominant position and Henry VIII was not slow to seek advantage of the situation. He realised that here was a rare opportunity to fulfil his intermittently held dream of securing the French crown for himself; Francis was prepared to launch fresh attacks on Charles within a year of his release. Henry had hopes of launching an attack on France while she was leaderless, but he was forced to abandon these when he was unable to raise the necessary finance. It shows that Wolsey was less enthusiastic about this, as shown by the lack of determination in making success of the ‘Amicable Grant’ which was supposed to fund for this. However Wolsey was certainly not diligent in encouraging the formation of an anti-imperial alliance (the League of Cognac) in northern Italy in 1526, with which France could associate in her efforts to reserve the verdict of Pavia. A further aim of Henry’s was to achieve everlasting honour and glory. He wanted to be remembered throughout the ages and to have a huge reputation in Europe and be among the great superpowers in Europe. He achieved historical remembrance quite easily from the many famous acts he passed; however he did bathe in a huge amount of glory and honour when the field of cloth of gold was held. This was a spectacular array of games held in Calais 1520 between Henry and Francis, it was meant to be a diplomatic meeting however no agreements were made, yet it did make Henry look good. However he failed on a lot of attempted invasions to France, but he overall succeeded in acquiring a degree of honour and glory in Europe. It seems that Henry and Francis viewed the occasion as no more than an opportunity to impress others of their wealth and international standing. The field of Cloth of Gold did nothing to advance the cause of general peace. If anything it created problems for Wolsey in convincing the rest of Europe that England was not taking sides in the already developing struggle for supremacy between Francis I and Charles V. Henry was most grateful to Wolsey for making it appear to the World that he was the equal of the two ‘super power’ rulers of Europe. Henry also managed to achieve success by maintaining links with the Netherlands. England depended on the Antwerp cloth market heavily as cloth was England biggest trading material at the time. Henry tried to maintain this link throughout, by allying with Charles V whenever he went to war, as Charles was in control of the Netherlands at the time. As years passed, Henry began to portray the image of being the peacemaker of Europe. Under the guidance of Wolsey Henry began to use the treaty of London in his own favour to try and achieve a peaceful Europe. It could be argued that Henry only resorted to this as he couldn’t achieve honour through war. However he undertook this role to try and make the country look good, cement his place at the top of the leader board in Europe and make England look bigger and more powerful than what it really was. He also used the treaty of London so he had alliance requests from Charles V and Francis I before the Hapsburg-Valois war, so he could choose which side would benefit him the most. In October 1518 the treaty was signed, with Wolsey being the organiser. England and France were the first signatories and within a few months, Spain and the Papacy also signed. It was a grandiose scheme’ intended to bind the 20 leading states of Europe to perpetual peace with one another. The plan was for all those states with an active foreign policy not only to commit themselves to non-aggression, but to promise to make war on any ruler who went against the treaty, thus making it impossible for any state to benefit from attacking another. Wolsey delivered an oration in praise of peace that was much acclaimed. This wasn’t actual topic that the Pope had organised it for, buy Wolsey changed it. This could be seen as Wolsey trying to get his own way and for his own gain, but it benefited himself, Henry and all of England. Historians have generally viewed this initiative as yet another example of Wolsey’s cynical self-interest. The public perception was that Wolsey was working to implement the Pope’s wishes because he was using the fact that he was acting as the Pope’s representative because he was Legatus a Latere. Others have maintained that he was merely seeking to satisfy his sense of his own importance by being seen to be the peacemaker (arbiter) of Europe, and to be treated as such during the extensive public celebrations that accompanied the unveiling of the treaty. Many believe that he was guilty of sacrificing national interests for personal gain. A Hapsburg-Valois conflict began when Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. This situation presented Henry VIII and Wolsey with both continuous opportunities and frequent challenges. Given the strategic position that England enjoyed, being able either to disrupt Charles’s communications between Spain and Netherlands or to open a new front in any attack on France, her favours were certain to be in great demand from the two major powers. Wolsey was called on to pay some of the price for his triumph of the Treaty of London. Francis I had been happy enough to receive his reward for agreeing to join the Cardinal’s ‘grand design’ but he had no intention of being constrained by its terms on conditions. Francis was determined to strengthen his position in Northern Italy by military action against Charles and his supporters. Charles called upon England another to come to his assistance to halt the aggressor. In August 1521, Wolsey travelled to Bruges in Netherlands in order to meet with Charles on the action to be taken. The agreement made with Charles was that an English army would invade France unless Francis agreed to make peace. The mere threat of English action would be sufficient to persuade France to make terms. Wolsey had experience of Francis’ stubbornness that he must have realised that a threat was likely to be insufficient. He was more than satisfied with the honour that his meeting with Charles had brought him. Henry however failed in securing his dynasty. He married his daughter Mary off to Charles V. However it failed because Mary and Charles did not have children. But, in 1514 Louis XII of France became a widower. Wolsey seized the opportunity to propose a Valois-Tudor alliance to be sealed by the offer in marriage of Mary, sister of Henry VII. With Henry’s willing consent, the marriage went ahead and the ensuring treaty gave Henry an annuity of 100,000 crowns and confirmed English possession of Tournai. The success of the negotiations had enabled Wolsey to cement his place as the King’s chief diplomat. Scarisbrick’s interpretation has not been replaced by an alternative straightforward explanation. This is because it has become more and more apparent that no coherent pattern ever existed in Wolsey’s approach to diplomacy. It is now widely accepted that there was no single guiding principle that directed his actions throughout his 15 years in power. At differing times he was motivated by selfish considerations, especially a desire to obtain more extensive or longer-lasting delegated powers from the Pope. The need to satisfy the expectations of Henry VIII to further what he considered to be national or papal interests and by an altruistic inclination to benefit mankind by creating an era of peace. It is impossible to detect if many or all of these motives were behind each decision he made. There is not enough evidence to judge the importance of these motives. So in conclusion, Wolsey’s foreign policy to a great extent, satisfied Henry’s ambitions because Wolsey did exactly what Henry wanted; even though he thought about himself a lot.

An Essay Concerning Alias Grace As A Major Piece Of Literature

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Alias Grace by Margaret Atwood is a beautifully articulated work of literature. The book presents a Victorian mode spiced up with spooky plot twists. Although the book presents a Victorian mode it is not entirely comprised of Romantic ideals. Atwood is a modern writer who was influenced by the major paradigms of both American and Canadian history. Since she was a child, she was fascinated by the true story of Grace Marks. Grace Marks was a teenage, Canadian domestic worker of the nineteenth century who was convicted upon the murder of her employer (Thomas Kinnear) and his mistress (Nancy Montgomery). In this novel, Atwood reimagines Grace’s enigmatic story. And in doing so, she embodies a signature theme, the injustices of women’s lives which also conveys the literary importance of the book. Also, she portrays the hypocrisy and ignorance of Victorian culture. Atwood also cleverly uses the characters’ conversations to convey topics su ch as prostitution, spiritualism, and treatment for the insane. This is one factor that makes Atwood’s style unique. Alias Grace has a style that is thoroughly logical yet complicated. This is not the case with the author’s tone which remains indifferent throughout the book. And so, this intriguing novel is one of unique style, indifferent tone, a signature theme that conveys the injustices of women’s lives that was influenced by all of the important eras pertaining to both American and Canadian Literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atwood presents a style unlike any other in her book, Alias Grace. Throughout the novel, Atwood inserts excerpts from other literary works to help illustrate the very complex Grace Marks. This is not common amongst modern writers. Another aspect that makes Atwood’s style unique, at least in this book, is her change of perspective. The book constantly changes from one perspective to another. Most of the book is either a narrative or a conversation (mainly between Dr. Simon Jordan and Grace Marks). Sometimes the book is in first person omniscient as seen through the eyes of Grace, and at other at other times, the book is in third person in a series of letters (and this is what may seem complicated to the reader). This shows Atwood’s grand creativity. Another aspect regarding Atwood’s style is her creative and descriptive diction. A good example of this can be... ...with one of which is blame. This can be seen in the quote, â€Å". . . once you are found with a man in your room you are the guilty one, no matter how they get in.† This is an example of how the book not only shows the superiority of men but also how women are always the one who get the blame. This was definitely true of Victorian times, and is usually the case today. This quote is very significant in that it foreshadows who will be seen as guiltier between McDermott and Grace when it is time for the trials. And after Grace is found to be guilty, she becomes known as a â€Å"celebrated murderess.† As can be concluded, Atwood’s signature theme in this book deals with the injustices of women’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Alias Grace by Margaret Atwood is a compelling story of a young woman convicted for murder. The novel is especially unique in its style, and although its tone remains indifferent, it conveys a unifying theme concerning injustices which women must face. And the novel gave Atwood the chance to embrace her fascination with the strong, clever, diligent, talented, thought-provoking, intelligent Grace Marks. And so, Alias Grace is a great book unlike any other.